Immune Regulation Of Natural Nutrient Plant Polysaccharides
Immune Regulation Of Natural Nutrient Plant Polysaccharides
Immune Regulation of Natural Nutrient Plant Polysaccharides
"Immune health" attracts public attention every Flu season. At present, how to improve human immunity has further become the focus of social attention. As early as the 1960s, in the field of natural nutrients research, polysaccharide has aroused great interest because of its broad-spectrum immune promotion effect.
Polysaccharide, the abbreviation of polysaccharide, is often composed of more than one hundred or even thousands of monosaccharides linked by Glycosidic bond. It widely exists in animal cell membranes and cell walls of plants and microorganisms. It is one of the four basic substances constituting life and closely related to the maintenance of life functions. In the latest review report, the pharmacological effects of plant polysaccharides on immune regulation, anti-tumor, antiviral, antioxidant, blood pressure lowering, antithrombotic, hypoglycemic, protection against immune liver injury, and anti radiation activity were elaborated. According to literature reports, more than 100 types of plant polysaccharides have been isolated and extracted. Due to their wide sources, lack of cytotoxicity, and low toxicity in biological applications, they have been widely used in feed additives, functional feed, drug health, and disease adjuvant treatment.
Immune support is the top global health goal, and China has a huge demand for immunization. The current epidemic is likely to push "immune health" to another peak in the market. However, current immune regulation relies more solely on traditional vitamins, minerals, and nutrients. In order to explore diverse pathways, this article recommends that plant polysaccharides with immune regulation functions and minimal toxic side effects can become a new type of safe natural nutrients for regulating immune function.
The corresponding research results are quite rich, and here we will only elaborate on the familiar examples of plant polysaccharides.
↓ Plant polysaccharide immune regulatory function
Immune regulation is the most important and main biological activity of plant polysaccharides. Plant polysaccharides promote the development of corresponding immune organs, assist in the activation of immune cells, regulate the secretion of cytokines, improve the level of antibodies and activate the Complement system through multiple targets on immune organs, cells, cytokines, immune signal channels and mucous membranes, so as to stimulate the maturation of various immune active cells in the body with multiple functions and factors Differentiation and reproduction restore balance to the body's immune system.
Lentinan can improve the immune function of the body by improving the cellular immune function and Humoral immunity function; Lu Haiyan et al
The study found that Lentinan can improve the immune function of breast cancer patients by affecting T lymphocytes, and regulate the immune status of infiltrating lymphocytes in tumor tissue; Jiang Changsheng and other researchers found that Lentinan can change the jejunum morphology of normal rats and E. coli challenged rats, which is more obvious in the E. coli challenged group, thus regulating the mucosal immune function.
Aloe polysaccharide is a large class of macromolecular compounds with different physiological functions. It is a kind of glucomannan with acetylated Mannose residues. As the most active substance in aloe saccharides, it has a variety of different pharmacological effects, which can improve the immune function of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Acetylated mannan enhances T lymphocyte activity by approximately 50% through macrophage activation and T cell stimulation, thereby enhancing immunity and reducing secondary infections.
The most significant pharmacological activity of ginseng polysaccharides is immune regulation. Ginseng has a long history of medicinal use in China, with functions such as tonifying vital energy, solidifying dehydration, promoting fluid production, calming nerves, and enhancing intelligence. Currently, ginseng has become one of the best-selling Chinese herbal medicines in the world. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that ginseng has pharmacological activities such as immune regulation, anti-cancer, anti cerebral ischemia, treatment of diabetes, prevention of Atherosclerosis and anti-inflammatory. Its main active ingredients are Ginsenoside and ginseng polysaccharide, both of which show good biological activities in vitro. However, the results of pharmacokinetic studies in recent years show that Ginsenoside components have good biological activities due to their solubility, transmembrane permeability, efflux transporter Due to extensive metabolism and other reasons, its bioavailability is relatively low. However, for ginseng polysaccharides, they are extremely difficult to be directly digested and absorbed into the bloodstream. Instead, they serve as dietary fiber and reach the gut effector site, exerting a prebiotic like effect. Some research results show that ginseng polysaccharide can prevent specific immune cell apoptosis, improve the immune defense of the body to treat patients with traumatic sepsis. It can be used as an adjuvant of the Inactivated vaccine of influenza virus to improve the immunogenicity and immune enhancement effect of the vaccine. It can be used as a candidate adjuvant of the Inactivated vaccine of influenza virus. It can inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells and have a certain impact on the cell cycle, and can promote the proliferation of T and B lymphocytes, Promote the Phagocytosis of macrophages and regulate the immune system
Astragalus polysaccharides exert regulatory effects on the local immune microenvironment of the uterus by affecting uterine macrophages; Polygonatum polysaccharides have a significant effect on immune recovery in mice after exercise; Saccharin polysaccharides can promote macrophage proliferation, starting from the pathway of immune response
Regulate immune response, enhance specific and non-specific immunity of the body, pine needle polysaccharides have immune promoting effects on both normal macrophages and LPS stimulated macrophages; Black Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides participate in the immune and inflammatory responses of the intestine through multiple pathways, enhancing the immune system of the intestine; Jujube polysaccharides can significantly reduce inflammatory factors in RAW264.7 cells and exhibit strong anti-inflammatory activity, in order to prevent excessive immune response from often inducing strong and persistent inflammatory reactions, leading to tissue damage. A large amount of reactive oxygen species can attack cell membranes or mitochondria, leading to metabolic disorders and decreased function of immune cells. The antioxidant ability of polysaccharides can also be used to regulate immunity, For example, lycium barbarum polysaccharides improve the immune regulation of fatigue in mice through antioxidant effects; The compound polysaccharide composed of Lentinan, Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide, Poria cocos polysaccharide, Cordyceps polysaccharide and Dictyophora polysaccharide can improve the immunity of mice caused by Cyclophosphamide
As a result, plant polysaccharides can regulate the immune function of the body through various pathways and ways. With the improvement of modern technology, more types and purity of plant polysaccharides have been developed, which will greatly enhance the bioavailability, functional development, and value of plant polysaccharides.
↓ Plant polysaccharides in the pharmaceutical field
Because plant polysaccharides are the most abundant polymers in nature, and because of their unique properties, they have long been used in the medical field, such as starch, dextrin and other polysaccharides, which are widely used as excipients of drugs due to their unique physical and chemical properties. With the deepening of research on the physical and chemical properties, structure and pharmacological effects of plant polysaccharides, polysaccharides have many new uses in the medical field, such as using the Antigenicity of polysaccharides Preparation of vaccines or new drugs with anti-tumor and other biological functions or activities. In 1997, the global sales of polysaccharides extracted from plants reached 7.3 billion US dollars.
Many higher plants, microorganisms, algae, and lichens contain polysaccharides with anti-tumor activity. From a structural perspective, they include fungal polysaccharides, heteropolysaccharides, peptide polysaccharides, and polysaccharide derivatives or complexes β— D-neneneba glucan has the most significant activity, among which Lentinan, Schizophylla polysaccharide, and Coriolus versicolor polysaccharide K (also known as PSK) have been used in cancer immunotherapy.
Lentinan injection is a biological reaction regulator, which has no direct toxic and side effects on cells, but it can induce and activate macrophages, kill lymphocytes, improve body immunity, and indirectly inhibit anti-tumor activity. At present, it has been widely used in the treatment of malignant tumors. Now there are polysaccharide capsules, polysaccharide tablets, polysaccharide oral liquid, etc. on the market. For example, Lentinan Tablets, the national drug approval number z20026215, claims the efficacy: invigorating qi and spleen, tonifying deficiency and strengthening the body, and used as an adjuvant for radiotherapy and chemotherapy of chronic hepatitis B and digestive tract tumors.
Astragalus polysaccharide has made great progress in the treatment of diseases, and has been used in the treatment of tumors, asthma, diabetes. Recent studies have also found that astragalus polysaccharide injection combined with Gefitinib can maintain the effectiveness of Targeted therapy in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer, improve the cellular immune function of patients, reduce toxic and side effects, and improve the quality of life of patients [34]. At present, the injectable astragalus polysaccharides in the market are classified as Chinese medicine standard Z20040086, with the main indications of tonifying qi and tonifying deficiency, which means improving immunity. It is used for tumor patients with fatigue, lack of qi and lazy speech, spontaneous sweating, short breath, and loss of appetite, which belong to the Qi deficiency syndrome. After chemotherapy, white blood cells decrease, quality of life decreases, and immune function is low.
Clinical research reports have shown that ginseng polysaccharides can alleviate the toxic side effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, improve and enhance the quality of life and immune function of tumor patients, and can be used as adjunctive drugs for tumor radiotherapy and chemotherapy, with important application value in the clinical treatment of tumors
Ginseng polysaccharide injection has been applied in clinical practice, and the combination of Ginseng polysaccharide injection and radiotherapy and chemotherapy has good efficacy and safety for malignant tumors. Ginseng polysaccharide injection on the market, such as the national medicine standard H22024889, is mainly used to reduce side effects caused by radiotherapy and chemotherapy for tumors, and can also be used as an auxiliary drug for tumor treatment; Immunomodulators can improve the immune function of the body, and can be used for acute and chronic hepatitis and various liver injuries, various chronic infections, diabetes and various immune diseases.
↓ Plant polysaccharide immune function in the field of health products
It is worth noting that a considerable amount of traditional Chinese medicine has the properties of medicinal and edible homology, which can be used as both therapeutic drugs and daily diet. Therefore, plant polysaccharides, which are derived from medicinal and edible homology or are already food in people's mouths, have enormous market potential in the field of functional foods or health products due to their immune regulation function. However, the current application of plant polysaccharides in the field of food or health products is not widespread. According to the database of the State Food and Drug Administration (SFDA), there were 94 cases of health food declared with polysaccharide as the main raw material, 33 cases with immune health function, of which 25 cases had plant extracts as the main raw material, while only 18 cases had polysaccharide as the functional component/the symbolic component, and only 2 cases had specific plant polysaccharide extracts as the functional component, They are seaweed polysaccharide extract and Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide.
Lentinan, which began to be studied in the 1970s, has been widely used in the pharmaceutical field for decades. However, there are only six related products in the database of the Food and Drug Administration, five of which have immune regulation or enhancement functions, and only two of which use Lentinan as the main raw material.
There are also polysaccharides from nearly 100 plants with mature research, including goji berries, ganoderma lucidum, astragalus, tremella, ginseng, etc. However, their application in the health product market needs to be further expanded. For example, there are few health products with ginseng polysaccharides as the main component, and the Food and Drug Administration only found one type of "Tiancheng Brand Shuer Capsule", which is mainly composed of ginseng polysaccharides and has health functions such as immune regulation and radiation resistance.
Recently, the newly emerging plant Maca, which is a dual-use plant for medicine and food, is mainly produced in Peru, South America. Because of its rich nutritional ingredients and health care effects, the local people also call it Peruvian ginseng, which has been used in humans and animals as a food supplement and medicine. Maca was introduced to the Lijiang Planting Base in Yunnan, China in 2002, and has been successfully introduced in high-altitude areas with similar climates to the Andes, such as Xinjiang, Jilin, and Tibet. In 2011, Maca was approved as a national new resource food. Since then, the Chinese maca industry has officially started, and the development and research of its related products mainly involve fields such as food, health food, cosmetics, etc. Maca polysaccharides are one of the functional and active components of Maca, and research has shown that Maca polysaccharides have various physiological activities, such as anti-tumor, antioxidant, and immune enhancement. The acute toxicity and tolerance test of maca polysaccharides in mice in Tang Yuanyuan's master's thesis showed that maca polysaccharides also did not have significant toxic side effects. The research and application of maca is still in its infancy in China, and some scholars have begun to explore the traditional Chinese medicine properties of maca, aiming to develop high-quality maca products. According to the database of the Food and Drug Administration, there are a total of 11 immune related health products containing maca ingredients, but all of them involve maca powder. There is still a blank regarding maca polysaccharide products, which can increase the added value of maca products and need to be further processed into maca products.
↓ Conclusion
Polysaccharides are one of the four basic substances that constitute life activities, but their development and application level still lags far behind the application of proteins and nucleic acids, the two major life substances; Due to the abundant reserves of plants in China, plant polysaccharides have a wide range of resource sources, low toxicity and side effects, as well as immune regulatory activity. They can promote the growth of immune organs, activation of immune cells, and release of immune factors. Therefore, as natural immune modulators, plant polysaccharides should have huge development space in the fields of new foods or health products.
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